[會計] Week4 The Accounting Cycle: The Mechanics of Accounting
上禮拜作業常見問題：
1.分錄不加$ dollar sign
2.Revenue and Expense 要寫出來 Utility Expense
3.科目字首大寫 Notes Payable
4.Notes Payable, Accounts Receivable, Cost of Goods Sold, Unearned Sales Revenue, Utilities Expense, Services Revenue
小考：選擇分錄計算編表
The balances in the General Ledger accounts of Courtney Company resulted in the following totals:
Assets $1,001,800
Liabilities 720,000
Equity 308,800
Total assets do not equal total liabilities plus equity because the following errors were made:
(1) Credit sales of $3,500 were posted to Sales Revenue account and Accounts Receivable account as $5,300.
(2) Equipment purchased on credit for $127,000 was incorrectly posted to Notes Payable as $172,000. No error was made in the Equipment account.
(3) Rent expense of $24,500 was incorrectly posted as an expense of $42,500. Cash was posted correctly.
(4) $50,000 of inventory bought on account was purchased but not recorded.
(5) When $250,000 was borrowed from the bank, retained earnings was debited and accounts receivable was credited.
Required: Compute the correct balances in asset, liability, and equity accounts.
Ans:
Assets Liabilities Equity
Incorrect Balance $ 1,001,800 $ 720,000 $ 308,800
(1) (1,800) (1,800)
(2) (45,000)
(3) 18,000
(4) 50,000 50,000
(5) 500,000 250,000 250,000
Correct Balance $ 1,550,000 $ 975,000 $ 575,000
Statement of Comprehensive Income (綜合損益表)
Rev
-) Exp
__________________________
Net income 淨利 -->EPS
+) OCI (Other comprehensive income) 公司無法控制的損益(不在本業) ex. 土地增值 (下學期)
__________________________
Comprehensive income
Statement of Retained Earnings (保留盈餘變動表 )
因為保留盈餘為權益中最常變動的項目
Net income 增加盈餘
Dividends 減少盈餘
Statement of Cash Flows (現金流量表)
1.營業活動 (Operating)
2.投資活動 (Investing)
3.籌資活動 (Financing)
Notes to the Financial Statements (財務報表附註)
財務報表揭露，最多頁數。
ex, PPE不動產，包含XXX土地多少錢, XX房子多少錢
The External Audit (外部查帳)審計
聘請會計師事務所來查帳。
Fundamental Accounting Concepts and Assumptions
(1) The separate entity assumption 企業個體假設
No transaction, 公私分離, 董事長的帳跟公司無關。
(2) The time-period assumption (periodicity assumption) 會計期間假設
一年中四個重要的財報日：
http://www.ykuan.net/%E8%82%A1%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%95%B6%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%80%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%844-%E5%80%8B%E8%B2%A1%E5%A0%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%91%8A%E6%97%A5/
公司的生命切成一年或一季，去看財報，才有即時性！
(3) The assumption of arm's-length transactions 公平交易假設
假設數字都是公平交易，而非關係人交易 ex, 賣東西給子公司會打折，數字不準，金管會要求列出關係人交易。
(4) The cost principle (historical cost principle) 歷史成本原則
當初購買價不會再去更動，價值變動不管。 存貨 $50-> $80不認 $80-$50 要認
more reliable but less relevant
(5) The fair value principle 公允價值原則
相當於市價。ex, 股票 $50->$80 要認
more relevant but less reliable
4,5 站在對立面
(6) The monetary measurement concept 貨幣單位(計量)假設
貨幣經濟價值不變，也不會隨時間改變
不是所有的經濟活動都會紀錄，有些不可計量，例如員工士氣
(7) The going concern assumption 繼續經營假設
也就是公司明天不會倒，不然怎麼會有A/R這種科目。
Exercise:
For the year ended December 31, 2014, Southern Company had the following account balances:
Sales revenue $ 445,000
Rent expense 60,000
Salary expense 200,000
Utility expense 45,000
Retained earnings (January 1, 2014) 130,000
Dividends paid 75,000
Interest expense 25,000
Required: Given the above information, compute the following items:
(1) Total expenses
(2) Net income
(3) Retained earnings at December 31, 2014
Ans:
(1) $330,000 = 60,000 + 200,000 + 45,000 + 25,000
股利不算在費用，因為公司可以決定要不要發。
(2) $115,000 = 445,000 - 330,000
(3) $170,000 = 115,000 - 75,000 + 130,000
